Geography notes
Sorry didn't have time to post up pictures since Thursday's the last day...
But for the geog students, please take this down and spread the word! Important for your exam! Love from Mrs Lim!
Industry Factors influencing location of industry-Sit Sit Rover...
Weight-gaining industries-located near markets
pg 25 Toyota cars(Kelang Valley, Msia) - companies located in SEAsia
Brazil
Weight-losing Industries-located near raw materials
--------pg22 eg Saw mills are located near forests
-logs are bulky and difficult to transport
-Sawn timber only 40% of the wood in a log
Global Industrial ShiftPUSH FACTORS
-high labour costs in DCs
-older work force in DCs
-strong labour unions in DCs
-older factories and infrastructure
-expensive land
-planning controls by government - few or no tax incentives
PULL FACTORS
-cheap land in LDCS
-cheaper labour in LDCs - 12hr/day, US$120/month, 6days
-strike-free eg in Spore (but not in Korea)
-new facilities, well planned infrastructure eg Spore(wafer fabrication, clean water)
-Government assistance
.-----.incentives, tax free 5 yrs
.-----.planned industrial estates
.-----.Free Trade Zones eg Hong Kong
.-----.Special Economic Zone eg Shen Zhen
-Large, ready markets
Facilitating factorsSPACE-SHRINKING TECHNOLOGY
a)transport tech- large cargo ships, jet aircraft
-------- reduce relative time and distance taken to travel between countries
b)Containerisation - higher speed + efficiency of transporting goods
COMMUNICATION TECH
"transmission of information between individuals or groups through use of satellite tech and optical fibre systems"
-enables emails and video-conferencing between headquarters and branches all over world
TNCs(or MNCs) WITH CAPITAL OF TECH
-large capital and expertise to operate far-flung companies all over the world
Factors Promoting trend of transference or global industrial shiftM - MNCs
S - Space Shrinking Tech
G - Govt incentives/planning
C - competitive advantage(land, labour, markets and raw materials)
Impact of trend of transference-Shift in manufaturing from DCs to LDCs and corresponding decrease in employment in manufacturing in DCs
-By 1990's high tech manufacturing has shifted to LDCs
-Increase in foreign direct investment in LDCs(selected LDCs eg China, Thailand, Msia)
-increase in exports of manufacturing products in LDCs
-Growth of NIEs
- +/- of MNCs
NIEsTier 1 - 60's to 80's - 4 Asian Tigers
Tier 2 - 80's - Mix Beans Make Indonesian Pineapple Tarts
Tier 3 - 90's(outsourcing) - India, China, Vietnam, Chile(or is it chili?)(ICVC)
3 Characteristics-fast rate of growth in manufacturing
-rising share of world exports of manufacturing
-fast growth in real per capita income
Case Study of electronics industry of India eg Bangalore-land
-skilled labour - 169 polytechnics
-govt support
-market
-transport
-raw materials(gold, copper)
Challenges facing electronic industryT - technology lagging behind
R - raw materials - shortage of equipment
I - infrastructure
.------.power failure
.------.traffic congestion
C - Competition from China, Msia
Dear - depletion of resourced - eg deforestation, coal, copper
Police - pollution eg by e-waste
Sustainability of industrial DevtM - managing depleting resources - regulate land use
A - appropriate use of tech - remote sensing - more efficient
R - recycling of e-waste(reuse copper, lead, gold) eg ASH recyclers
MNCsBenefits - REDDSSSS
------------FDI
Disadvantages - pollution
--------------------mass unemployment
--------------------exploitation 40000 fingers broken...
-------------------- Sweat shops
--------------------small firms squeezed out
--------------------squatter development - RU migration
--------------------deforestaton
...................................................................................................
FOODFactors influencing food variationAffordability-purchasing power(1/5 richest countries owns 85% of world's income)-1 in 3 children in Asia, L.America, Africa are malnourishedStability-political conflict(Iraq, Afghanistan...)-poor planning-production of non-staple food eg Biofuels( Palm oil in M'sia, Coffee in Indonesia)-bird flu+diseases-natural hazards eg floods, droughts, earthquakes -> poor harvestsAccessibility- globalisation - fast food outlets growing rapidly - access to diff types of fast food eg sushi outlets, KFC- trade - greater access to food but trade barriers can limit access to food .----------eg 1991 Iraq war --------------. Trade embargo by US--------------. less access to fertilisers-transport facilities .------.refrigeration - rapid distribution of perishable food is possible.------.Natural Barriers eg landlocked countries of Afghanistan -------------> less access to food.------.Presence of food outlets eg supermarkets in urban areas
-------------> few in rural areas
Effects of variations in food consumptionStarvation( <1000kcal/day average ="2586kcal/day)
-----------1 child dies every 5 sec
-----------organs damaged - death
Malnutrition - inbalanced nutrients
-----------------LDCs
---------------------.rickets(lack vit D and calcium)
---------------------.anaemia(lack iron)
-----------------DCs
---------------------.anorexia
---------------------.bulimia
Obesity - more nutrients than necessary
-----------------high blood pressure
-----------------heart disease
Solution to food problems(responses to variations in food consumption)-International Organisation eg World Food Program(WFP)
-.Food for World project in Somalia - build irrigation channels
-.School feeding program in Cambodia
------ nutritious breakfast
------ but still large no. of people suffering
-Government response
-------Food subsidies
----------.eg free school lunches for low income families
----------.BUT over reliance mentality
----------.INSTEAD, poor can learn skills - long term solution
----------.BUT require $ and effortm not easily achieved in LDCs
----------.SOMETIMES, corrupt government divert funds to corrupt officials
-------Stockpiling
------------.LDCs can't buy extra food for stockpiling
------------.DCs can afford to stockpile/refrigerated warehouse
-----------------eg Spore(3 months rice supply
-----------------sometimes, DCs stockpiling increase food price
-------Green Revolution
------------.HYV seeds eg IR58 - double rice yields
------------------------------------- 100 days to mature
------------.Irrigation
---------------------double cropping
---------------------reliable water supply
---------------------marginal land can be made arable
---------------------reduces flood/poor harvests/droughts
------------.fertilisers
------------.pesticides
------------.machinery eg harvesters, tractors - speed up farm operation
-Blue revolution
---------.Steady fish supply
-Production of non-staple food by LDCs
---------.eg coffee growing in Indonesia and Vietnam
Factors influencing intensity of food productionPSLE Pity
P hysical - relief, climate, soil(recliso)
S ocial -
Land tenant and land fragmentation
E conomic - Demand
--.eg for coffee will encourage more farmers to grow coffee at the
.expense of rice
--.capital - $needed for fertilisers, pesticides, machinery
P olitical - government policies
--.eg Spore's devt of high-tech farming to increase production
--.eg FELDA scheme in M'sia for rice cultivation in Kedah Plain
-a success
T echnological - Green revolution
---------------------.IR58
---------------------.irrigation
---------------------.chemicals
---------------------.machinery
------------------- Blue revolution
---------------------.10% growth of fish farms per year
---------------------.Stable supply
---------------------------increase fertility of fish
---------------------------resistance to disease
---------------------------BUT
---------------------------reduce biodiversity
---------------------------nutrient pollute seas
---------------------------catch small fish to feed salmon - wastage
---------------------.Supported by ADB(Asian Devt Bank)
Effects of Food intensification(+/-)I rrigation - Salinisation, water logging(-)
C hemicals - eutrophication, pollution of rivers and ground water(-)
GM - increase income(+)
-------stay fresh(+)
-------pest resistant eg Bt Corn(+)
-------increase nutritional value - golden rice(+)
-------health concerns
--------------lectin in potatoes(-)
--------------allergic reactions(-)
--------------not well-labelled hence consumers can't make informed decisions(-)
-------loss of biodiversity
--------------------.pest resistant plants eg Bt toxin in corn
--------------------- affect monarch butterfly(larvae die at a higher rate)
-------loss of natural species
--------------------.pollen of pest-resistant carried by wind/insects
--------------------- gene pollution of natural plant species
--------------------- loss of biodiversity
Effectiveness of Food production-reduces starvation / malnutrition
-but dominance by agribusiness
--.compete with LDCs eg poor farmers can't compete
--.overproduction by agribusiness may create over supply + cause prices to fall
------eg coffee prices fall
-export of food crops eg by Punjab to Europe
-----.for pet food
-----.locals can't buy food as it is expensive
-lack of health education
-----.many still eat unbalanced diet
-unscrupulous(?) greedy producers
-----.contamination of food -tainted milk from China which contains melamine
----------- kidney stones
----------- death of babies
Addressing Challenges-WFProgram for malnourished children in Cambodia
-Improvement in tech
------.transport network - better distribution
------.better food storage - through irradiation and vacuum packaging
-labelling of GM foods for health reasons
....................................................................
DEVELOPMENTHow to alleviate uneven devtInternational Scalea) International organisation
-----World Bank
--------.loans at low interest for building irrigation projects
------------eg Tirtomoyo village in Indonesia
-----Asian Development Bank
--------.higher quality of life in Asia
------------eg Bangladesh - Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge project -------------------------------->connects agriculture to city and port
b)International Agreement
----UNMDG
-------.to half poverty by 2015 (poverty=< color="#ffffff">----------eg Vietnam poverty has decreased from 59% to 24%
----UNCLOS (UN convention of the law of the sea)
------.protect coastal fishermen in countried
---------eg Peru (326km around city)
------.protect against water pollution
---------BUT lanlocked country do not benefit
----------eg Bolivia
National Scalea)Improve water Supply and Sanitation
-----eg Parivartan Slum Networking Programme in Alimendabad
-------.Death rates decrease from 6.9/1000 to 3.7/1000
b)Improve education
-----eg Thailand - Hill Tribe Education Project
--------->"Education for All" Volunteer
--------->better farming methods
-------however,isolated locations, difficult to reach all
c)Population control eg 1 child policy in China(1979 onwards)
-----However difficult to reach all
---------.rural areas continue to have more than 2
-----Bad effect
-------. encouraged female infanticide
---------- causing an ageing population as fewer young people replace pop
d)Job creation and assisstance
-----microfinance eg KALAHI plan in philippines
--------------.3 mil ppl benefitted
---------however, need to diversify products
------------.poor need market access to sell goods
------------.hard to reach remote villages
-----Grameer Bank - provide microfinances
--------.to farmers in Bangladesh at very low interest rates
--------.to small scale entrepreneurs eg tailors
that's it! have a nice mugging week!
-meifeng
